A 形式

to have+过去分词:

to have worked

to have spoken

B 与助动词连用

1与 was/were连用表示没有完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):

The house was to have been ready today.

这座房屋本应该今天竣工。(但目前还没)

2与 should, would, might和 could一块构成条件完成时(参见第223节):

If I had seen her I should have invited her.

我当时如果看到她的话我本会邀请她的。

3与should或ought连用表示没履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):

He should have helped her.

他本应该帮助她。(但他没如此做)

I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.

我本不应该对他撒谎话。(但我说了)

4与 should/would like连用表示未达成的愿望(参见第 296节D):

He would like to have seen it.

他本想看看它。(但没能看到)

这句也可写成:

He would have liked to see it.

即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。

5 与could连用,表示过去没借助的能力或过去的可能性:

I could have made a lot of money.

我本来可以赚到很多钱。(但我没能赚到。)

He could/might have phoned her.

他可能给她打过电话。(或许他打过电话。)

(另参见第134节与第138节。)

6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:

He might/could have told me!

他本应告诉我!

I am annoyed1 that he didnt tell me.

他没告诉我,我非常不开心。(参见第285节D。)

7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:

He may/might have left.等于:

It is possible that he(has) left.

他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)

You might/could have been killed!

(那时)你或许会送了命的!

8 与cant/couldnt连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):

He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.

这台钢琴不可能是他一个人搬的。

We knew he couldnt have paid for it,because he had no money.

大家了解不可能是他付了这笔钱,由于他没钱。

9 与must连用表示一定的推论(参见第156节):

He must have come this way; here are his footprints2.

他肯定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。

10 与neednt连用表示过去非必须的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):

You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.

你本不必那样着急。目前大家到得太早了。

You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw3.

你本来不必把它烧熟。大家本可以吃生的。

C 与某些别的动词连用

1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用

注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:

He seems to be a great athlete.

他看来是一名出色的运动员。等于:

It seems that he is

大家的印象是他是

He seemed to be a great athlete.

那时他看着像一名出色的运动员。等于:

It seemed that he was

那时大家的印象是他是一名

不定式的完成式:

He seems to have been

他看来过去是等于:

It seems that he was

大家的印象是他过去是

He seemed to have been

那时看来他过去是等于:

It seemed that he had been

那时大家的印象是他过去是

这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。

其他例子如:

I happened to have driven that kind of car before.等于:

It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.

碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。

He pretended4 to have read the book.等于:

He pretended that he had read it.

他假装过去读过那本书。

2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge5, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:

He is understood to have left the country.

据悉他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)

3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那样容易见到:

He expects/hopes to have finished by June.等于:

He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.

他预期/期望到 6月份能完成。